At what age should you start teaching responsibility?
From 2-3 years old, with very simple responsibilities (putting away a toy). The important thing is to adapt expectations to each developmental stage.
How to react when a child fails at their responsibility?
With kindness, help them understand what didn't work and how to do better. Failure is a learning opportunity, not a punishment.
How to avoid overprotecting while staying attentive?
Let the child face challenges appropriate to their age. Your role is to guide them, not to solve everything for them.
How to handle a very dependent child?
Proceed in small steps, celebrate each progress, and resist the temptation to do it for them even if it's faster.